Search results

Page title matches

• What are salts?
  ...e (NO₃^-, that are held together by ionic bonds. They are crystalline materials.<br> == The formation of salts ==
  4 KB (561 words) - 13:16, 14 August 2012

Page text matches

• Fundamentals
  ...is crucial for applying effective remediation measures. The origin of the salts is fundamental as this is the basis for devising appropriate measures to co *[[Salts/Salt Mixtures]]
  982 bytes (130 words) - 12:50, 29 December 2013
• Salt conversion
  ...gree of crystallization cycles. The second one transforms the less soluble salts into far more soluble ones in order to remove them more easily. == [[Removal of salts by salt conversion]] ==
  3 KB (388 words) - 10:44, 20 September 2013
• What are salts?
  ...e (NO₃^-, that are held together by ionic bonds. They are crystalline materials.<br> == The formation of salts ==
  4 KB (561 words) - 13:16, 14 August 2012
• Nitrate
  == Nitrate salts == ...and their deterioration potential is discussed and the weathering patterns are illustrated on separate pages.
  1,009 bytes (123 words) - 15:50, 28 January 2015
• Methods
  ...t contamination and to take appropriate measures, intensive investigations are necessary. This includes not only studies to determine the salt type and sa ...indings. Experimental methods that help elucidate the mechanisms of damage are explained. Further this chapter deals with monitoring procedures to verify
  2 KB (239 words) - 16:07, 26 March 2012
• Origin of Salts
  *[[Salts in building substrate and subsoils]] *[[Road salts - deicing salt]]
  5 KB (754 words) - 14:57, 17 November 2022
• Salt Data
  ...graphics and images for the identification and characterization of a salt are presented. == The Salts ==
  5 KB (773 words) - 21:04, 11 November 2017
• Salts of microbiological origin
  <br> back to [[Origin of Salts]] ...organic and inorganic acids. On Objects, they can transform into damaging salts.
  2 KB (269 words) - 08:38, 2 December 2012
• Architectural Ceramics
  Typical deterioration patterns for architectural ceramics are discussed and explained. ...or cracks) allowing moisture transport through it. And therefore, if salts are present, they will crystallize around these fissures as well as below the g
  3 KB (358 words) - 09:48, 20 September 2013
• Carbonate
  ...ccurrence and damage potential is explained and the deterioration patterns are illustrated and referenced. <br>
  943 bytes (116 words) - 22:04, 17 December 2013
• Micro-chemical test for carbonate
  ===Solubility and pH of carbonate salts === Ca and Mg carbonates, unless under in a hydrated phase, are hardly soluble in water.
  2 KB (385 words) - 10:38, 20 September 2013
• Organic Salts
  The most frequently occurring salts with anions of organic acids are listed and the most relevant information, especially for their identificati ...nce and their damage potential is explained and the deterioration patterns are there illustrated. <br>
  1 KB (128 words) - 12:50, 29 December 2013
• Wall Paintings
  ...for evaporation and salt accumulation. Owing to the ubiquitous presence of salts worldwide, this type of damage is one of the most widespread and commonly e ...material composition, but also the environmental conditions to which they are exposed. In the case of artworks located within
  5 KB (717 words) - 13:12, 28 August 2023
• Analysis of Salts
  .... The fundamental principle of each method, its application and advantages are briefly outlined. ...s in particular the study of the birefringence and light refraction of the salts. The polarizing microscope differs from a regular microscope in that it has
  2 KB (255 words) - 16:12, 17 December 2013
• Sulfate
  ...oration action is discussed. Illustrations of their deterioration patterns are found in the Deterioration Pattern section and in some of the case studies.
  1 KB (137 words) - 15:49, 28 January 2015
• Chloride
  ...ently found on buildings and monuments are listed. The various salt phases are discussed in detail on separate pages, where their occurrence and deteriora
  999 bytes (122 words) - 13:12, 4 November 2016
• Documentation-Sampling
  ...irectly on whether the sample is representative of the object. The samples are taken to allow answering a specific question, not to carry out an analysis. ...al, vertical or depth profiles to capture the distribution of the damaging salts so as to be able to plan appropriate conservation measures.
  3 KB (511 words) - 13:46, 14 August 2012
• Damage processes
  back to [[Salts/Salt mixtures]] Salts play a key role in the weathering of porous building materials. Salt damage
  7 KB (1,097 words) - 18:55, 25 July 2015
• Salt crystallization in the crypt of St.Maria im Kapitol (St. Mary's in the Capitol) in Cologne
  == Salts and indoor air climate in the crypt == ...]] [CaSO₄.2H₂O]. The crystallization behavior of the salts was investigated on reference areas and in combination with measurements of
  5 KB (693 words) - 09:54, 10 January 2015
• Preliminary Investigations
  ...rwent, referred to as anamnesis. Potential sources of documentary evidence are: owners (over the years), archives (city, council, county, state, church), *Examination of efflorescence (crystallized salts) with a magnifying lens.
  4 KB (568 words) - 13:12, 28 August 2023
• Polarized light microscopy
  back to [[Analysis of Salts|Analysis of Salts]] The identification of salts with a polarized light microscope is briefly described and includes the adv
  5 KB (798 words) - 10:42, 20 September 2013
• Road salts - deicing salt
  <br> back to [[Origin of Salts]] ...um chloride, [[antarcticite]]). Other additives such as anti-caking agents are possible. The expression wet salt refers to dry NaCl salt that has been hum
  2 KB (297 words) - 15:50, 31 December 2014
• Alveolar Weathering
  == Salts and Alveolar Weathering == ...ed cavities (alveoli), ranging from centimeters to decimeters. The alveoli are separated by walls or ridges of stone, which have been unaffected or nearly
  7 KB (1,007 words) - 13:31, 16 December 2013
• Literature and Programs
  To model the behavior of salts and moisture programs, which can be used, are presented.
  801 bytes (99 words) - 19:19, 15 July 2012
• Salts Resulting from Restoration Materials
  <br> back to [[Origin of Salts]] The most relevant are the alkaline and acidic cleaning or restoration products such as:
  3 KB (467 words) - 08:37, 2 December 2012
• Conservation Measures
  ...ontrol and building measures to reduce the moisture and thus the supply of salts. The measures are discussed in more detail on the following pages:
  2 KB (238 words) - 14:10, 27 November 2013
• Immobilization of salts
  ...e 'immobilized' given its extremely low solubility. However, other soluble salts may remain from the counter ions of the original and barium compound added. '''2. Precipitation of the insoluble salts'''
  8 KB (1,163 words) - 10:37, 20 September 2013
• X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
  back to [[Analysis of Salts]] ...inge on a crystalline material a series of "reflections" are produced that are characteristic for each phase, similar to a "fingerprint". It is a laborato
  4 KB (619 words) - 16:04, 17 December 2013
• Thecotrichite
  back to [[Organic Salts]] ...as Jännecke projection for the anhydrous level. All solution compositions are given as '''molar ratios''' of Ca(CH₃COO)₂, CaCl<sub>
  5 KB (740 words) - 08:05, 8 August 2023
• Modeling of Salt Mixtures
  ...Salt mixtures|Salt mixture]] is understood to be a solution of one or more salts. The following listed properties are functions of temperature and composition (type of ions and their concentrat
  2 KB (369 words) - 19:06, 31 December 2014
• Ion chromatography (IC)
  back to [[Analysis of Salts]] ...se. Quantification is achieved using a suitable detector. Specific columns are used to separate both anions and cations and these can be determined quanti
  5 KB (753 words) - 16:08, 17 December 2013
• Monitoring
  ...paintings, monitoring entails the systematic recording and observation of salts and/or salt decay as well as environmental parameters like climate or humid Monitoring of salts and salt decay can, depending on its objectives, be carried out to varying
  8 KB (1,173 words) - 10:39, 20 September 2013
• CategoryGuidelines
  Categories are used in SaltWiki for different purposes, for example: # Images and other files are allocated to subcategories of the "file" category.
  6 KB (718 words) - 08:41, 12 April 2023
• Deterioration Patterns
  Well documented and well analyzed deterioration patterns are of great importance for the assessment of new damage. This article provides Material based collections of decay patterns are available for:
  9 KB (1,267 words) - 10:15, 19 March 2023
• Building Materials
  ...terioration patterns resulting from the presence of salts in natural stone are shown below. For a detailed list and description of the various types of de
  1 KB (152 words) - 13:37, 16 December 2013
• Microscopic identification of salts
  back to [[Polarized light microscopy]] or [[Analysis of Salts]] This section describes the identification of salts using [[polarized light microscopy]].
  14 KB (1,848 words) - 12:30, 25 June 2016
• Hexahydrite
  Hexahydrite is one of the more commonly found salts causing masonry damage. It occurs in many forms on different objects, both ...perties, damaging effects, occurrence and the determination of hexahydrite are discussed and complemented with illustrations, microscopic images and pract
  5 KB (629 words) - 15:30, 7 May 2015
• Climatic Measurements
  ...locity, air exchange and air composition, i.e., presence of harmful gases, are required. ...ty and temperature, is critical in elucidating the deterioration caused by salts.
  1 KB (157 words) - 09:22, 2 January 2014
• Salt crystallization on the wall paintings of the chancel at St. Johannes in Neustadt/W, Ortsteil Mußbach
  ...ineteen sixties, gothic but also younger wall paintings were uncovered and are subjected to weathering ever since. == Salts and indoor air-climate ==
  4 KB (630 words) - 09:49, 10 January 2015
• Desalination
  Desalination refers to the removal of salts, i.e., their ions, from the pore system of porous materials such as natural ...(Niter KNO_{<font size="1">3</font>} u.a.). In general, different salts can co-exist and a variety of salt-forming ions can be found in pore soluti
  12 KB (1,776 words) - 16:53, 6 March 2024
• Authors Page
  ...can obtain an overview of all the pages of SaltWiki that are being edited, are planned, etc., as well as guidelines for work on "SaltWiki". | bgcolor="#ccffcc" | '''Salts/ Salt Mixtures'''
  8 KB (927 words) - 05:53, 5 July 2013
• Salt crystallization in the Grotto Hall of the New Palace in Potsdam
  ...variety of different materials such as minerals, rocks, fossils and shells are embedded presenting an exceptional collection of geological and natural his ...carbonates. Under suitable moisture conditions these can react with other salts, for example the sulfate ions (SO₄^2-)of the gypsum mo
  6 KB (833 words) - 09:51, 10 January 2015
• Immissions
  <br> Back to [[Origin of Salts]] Immissions are a significant source of harmful salts and carry inorganic and organic components onto the surface of objects.
  9 KB (1,116 words) - 16:02, 5 September 2012
• Salt properties
  Salts have certain properties. Some of them may help to explain their behaviour i ...at depend on the type and strength of the bonds in the crystal lattice and are thus subject to anisotropy. Also cohesion properties depend on defects in t
  9 KB (1,410 words) - 08:16, 8 December 2011
• Halite
  ...ride ions into monuments. Further common and important sources are deicing salts and maritime environments where the air and fogs may contain a significant ...ntial in relation to salt crystallization pressure. In comparison to other salts, the crystallization pressure of halite is extremely high.
  11 KB (1,510 words) - 10:24, 29 August 2023
• Salts in building substrate and subsoils
  <br> back to [[Origin of Salts]] ...rainwater contain varying amounts of salt forming ions and thus transport salts into objects.
  9 KB (1,105 words) - 15:58, 5 September 2012
• Modeling of Salt and Humidity Transport
  ...onditions, such as temperature and RH, will also influence the movement of salts and the appearance of deterioration over time. ...ow mathematical predictions regarding the distribution and accumulation of salts and the consequent material decay over time. The aim of this article and li
  14 KB (2,067 words) - 13:07, 28 August 2023
• Kieserite
  ...78 g/l). Dampness in the masonry can cause magnesium bonds to dissolve and salts to re-form on drying. This can lead to the formation of [[Sulfate|sulfates] ...also contains magnesium compounds which can form hygroscopic salts. These are a source of magnesium which, in combination with sulfate ions, can lead to
  9 KB (1,301 words) - 11:01, 3 May 2023
• Magnesium sulfate
  ...um sulfate are easily soluble salts, which leads to a high mobility of the salts in porous materials. ...ature dependence of the solubility it is possible that temperature changes are accompanied by a hydration or a dehydration of a considered phase.
  12 KB (1,773 words) - 11:05, 3 May 2023
• Renders/Mortars
  ...s drawn from examination and analysis. Renders, plaster and mortar systems are selected with respect to the applicable requirements: *Salts and humidity are to be blocked from entering the render/plaster,
  16 KB (2,340 words) - 10:43, 20 September 2013
• Birefringence
  ...ingence when passing through them. Salts crystallizing in the cubic system are isotropic. Salts can crystallize in different [[Crystal system|crystal systems]] depending o
  9 KB (1,411 words) - 23:59, 6 January 2014
• Salts in building materials
  <br> back to [[Origin of Salts]] Building materials are often the main source of salt forming ions on objects. They occur in differ
  12 KB (1,558 words) - 09:29, 20 August 2012
• Poultices for desalination
  ...dient cannot be established, for example, a very damp wall. However, there are risks to this method, such that if a large area is being treated, salt may ...e capillary transport can be predominant. When gradual drying takes place, salts accumulate in the poultice material.
  9 KB (1,383 words) - 10:43, 20 September 2013
• Salts/Salt Mixtures
  ...ubility diagrams. Mainly those salts relevant to cultural heritage objects are addressed. ==Salts in cultural heritage objects==
  30 KB (5,115 words) - 16:08, 29 March 2023
• Inductive coupled plasma (ICP)
  <br> back to [[Analysis of Salts]] ...olvents that act similarly to the analyte or interact with the analyte''') are significantly lower in the ICP than in the AAS.
  3 KB (479 words) - 16:10, 17 December 2013
• About the project
  * Salts * Damage caused by salts
  7 KB (1,001 words) - 20:40, 10 December 2019
• Preventive Conservation
  ...ally with regard to salt-affected objects and possible preventive measures are shown below. ...erature and some more relevant for the issue of salt related deterioration are given below.
  14 KB (2,013 words) - 16:49, 6 March 2024
• Atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)
  back to [[Analysis of Salts]] ...ss the concentration of an analyte in a sample. Hollow cathode lamps (HCL) are the most common radiation sources in AAS. Inside the spectrometer, the holl
  4 KB (645 words) - 16:10, 17 December 2013
• Micro-chemical testing
  <br> back to [[Analysis of Salts]] <br> ...le ions in more or less concentrated salt solutions. The reaction products are either visible to the naked eye (formation of a precipitate or color change
  19 KB (2,929 words) - 12:29, 23 July 2023
• Photometry
  back to [[Analysis of Salts]] Only ions that are known and being looked for can be detected.
  2 KB (292 words) - 16:03, 17 December 2013
• Light Refraction Index Determination
  ...ndary line, phenomena of refraction and reflection take place and the rays are focused so that the intensity of the light is increased along the boundarie ...rization microscope to the oblique position. Because two different indices are always run through successively on rotating the crystal, the difference bet
  13 KB (1,910 words) - 09:55, 20 November 2013
• Mirabilite
  Mirabilite which is the deacahydrate of sodium sulfate and its properties are presented. ...ters, as deposits of former salt lakes and in the form of different double salts. Knowledge of sodium sulfate containing crystalline water can be traced bac
  13 KB (1,863 words) - 07:39, 3 May 2023
• The Wall paintings at the Kaiserdom in Königslutter (Imperial Cathedral at Königslutter)
  ...lyze and evaluate the problem as well as the measures taken to extract the salts present in the wall paintings. The contamination of walls with salts and salt solutions is often one of the main problems for the conservation o
  14 KB (2,244 words) - 13:12, 29 December 2013
• Gravimetric methods
  ...ial moisture content. Here, the different possibilities for drying samples are presented on an introductory level. ...c method <bib id="Nagel:2002"/> is a destructive method. Different samples are taken from an object or building, i.e. in the shape of a drill core sample.
  4 KB (615 words) - 13:32, 26 March 2023
• Calicum nitrate
  Calcium nitrate and its phases are hygroscopic salts. At a temperature of 25 °C the [[Nitrocalcite]] has a deliquescence humidi
  3 KB (359 words) - 18:51, 25 July 2015
• Calcium nitrate
  Calcium nitrate and its phases are hygroscopic salts. At a temperature of 25 °C the [[Nitrocalcite]] has a deliquescence humidi
  3 KB (359 words) - 15:18, 29 March 2023
• SIC
  '''Just an idea. What do you think about it!!''' <font size="6">Salts in Conservation</font> <br>
  20 KB (3,119 words) - 14:20, 2 May 2023
• Home
  * Salts * Damage caused by salts
  17 KB (2,148 words) - 14:17, 14 May 2024
• Deterioration Mechanisms
  ...ion processes that can lead to deterioration of porous inorganic materials are discussed. ...t of water vapor available. These mechanisms, based on theoretical models, are only applicable for porous inorganic materials.
  28 KB (4,485 words) - 18:33, 26 September 2019
• Epsomite
  |Trivial_Name = Bitter Salts, reichardtite, seelandite ...rely occur in nature. Both magnesium salts, as well as their hydrate forms are extracted from alpine deposits and occur together with [[sylvite]] and [[ha
  16 KB (2,385 words) - 10:43, 3 May 2023
• Dew point
  ...2007</ref> this means that if the dew point and temperature in both cities are the same, then the mass of water vapor per cubic meter of air will be the s Dew point meters are devices used to measure the dew point over a wide range of temperatures. Th
  11 KB (1,762 words) - 19:53, 25 July 2015
• Templates
  ...s on the actual content and is linked to all subjects that are required or are important for understanding the article.<br> If there are more than three headings, then the software will automatically create a tab
  10 KB (1,334 words) - 10:24, 17 March 2017
• Physical Principles of Moisture
  359 bytes (36 words) - 07:58, 9 January 2012
• Sodium sulfate
  ...different phases of sodium sulfate whereof only two are stable. The others are metastable but were also detected.<br> ...s. In nature sodium sulfate occurs in mineral waters in the form of double salts, as deposits of former salt lakes. The hydrated sodium sulfate was first de
  17 KB (2,380 words) - 06:45, 10 May 2023
• Gypsum
  ...appearance and mechanism of the damage, as well as the examination methods are described. Images, microphotographs and examples from practical experiences Gypsum is one of the most common salts causing deterioration of inorganic porous building materials. It is present
  15 KB (2,200 words) - 10:55, 3 May 2023
• Natrite
  ...re ground and surface water which may contain Na⁺-ions. Deicing salts may contain sodium chloride, which is very soluble. This salt is naturally ...ration of their water solutions with the subsequent precipitation of these salts, even though the water content remains the same. It also can form a metasta
  13 KB (1,820 words) - 08:01, 6 May 2023
• Thenardite
  ...s. In nature sodium sulfate occurs in mineral waters in the form of double salts, as deposits of former salt lakes. The hydrated sodium sulfate was first de ...ation products, such as water glass. Ground water, and even surface water, are also a possible source of Na⁺-ions as well as sulfate ions. De-i
  17 KB (2,439 words) - 07:46, 3 May 2023
• Niter
  Niter is one of the most important salts responsible for damages of building materials and murals. It is mostly obse ...production of this salt are based on the reaction between crude potassium salts and nitric acid.
  14 KB (1,966 words) - 11:47, 3 May 2023