Architectural Ceramics: Difference between revisions

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<bibimport/>
Author:[[user:Hschwarz| Hans-Jürgen Schwarz]]
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Author:[[user:Hschwarz| Hans-Jürgen Schwarz]]
English Translation by [[user:SLeithaeuser|Sandra Leithäuser]]
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Back to [[Decay Pattern]]
Back to [[Decay Pattern]]
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== Abstract ==
== Abstract ==
Typical damage patterns are presented and explained.  
Typical deterioration patterns for architectural ceramics are discussed and explained.  


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== Decay Pattern of Architectural Ceramics==
== Decay patterns of architectural ceramics==
 
'''Deterioration of Brickwork'''


Salt-induced damage to bricks is common.
'''Deterioration of brickwork'''


Damage to bricks can appear as follows:
Salt-induced damage to bricks is very common.




'''Glazed Architectural Ceramics'''
'''Glazed architectural ceramics'''


The glaze on building ceramics prevents the transport of moisture and salts. Often however, the glaze is split into a fine network of cracks (craquele), allowing the moisture transport through capillary action.  
The glaze on building ceramics prevents the transport of moisture and salts. Often however, the glaze shows "crazing" (a fine network of fissures or cracks) allowing moisture transport through it. And therefore, if salts are present, they will crystallize around these fissures as well as below the glazing around them, leading to its  spalling.
In the fissures of the craquele, salt contamination can be seen particularly well and often this damage leads to the spalling of the glazes.




Some examples of salt-contaminated glazed building ceramics are shown here.
Some examples of salt-contaminated architectural ceramics that show the damage induced are shown here:
   
   
=== Flaking ===
=== Flaking ===
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Image:Perleberg 14.04.2003 (50)-Ausschnitt.jpg|Figure 1: The scaling surface of a damaged brick, caused by crystallizing salts.  
Image:Perleberg 14.04.2003 (50)-Ausschnitt.jpg|Figure 1: The scaling surface of a damaged brick, caused by crystallizing salts.  
Image:Per_270603_5-13_14.jpg|Figure 2: Photo of a thin section in polarized light. The gray parallel crystals are gypsum.
Image:Per_270603_5-13_14.jpg|Figure 2: Photo micrograph of a thin section in polarized light. The gray parallel crystals are gypsum.
Image:Per 270603 5-13 15.jpg|Figure 3: Photo micrograph as Fig 2 with crossed polarizers. It is clearly visible that, on the one hand gypsum is causing the damage to the brick, but on the other hand it acts like an adhesive/ cement, holding the flaking pieces in place. With the removal of the gypsum the original substance of the brick would be lost.</gallery>
Image:Per 270603 5-13 15.jpg|Figure 3: Photo micrograph as Fig 2 with crossed polars. It is clearly visible that the gypsum is causing the damage to the brick, however, it also serves as filler, holding the flaking pieces in place. If the gypsum would be removed, the original surface of the brick would be lost.</gallery>


===Weathering ===
===Powdering ===


<gallery perrow="3" heights="200px" widths="250px" caption="Damage to a building in Lüneburg">
<gallery perrow="3" heights="200px" widths="250px" caption="Damage to a building in Lüneburg">


Image:Lueneburg-AmSande1 1.jpg|Figure  4: Salts causing damage to a molded brick
Image:Lueneburg-AmSande1 1.jpg|Figure  4: Salts crystallizing cause a molded brick to powder.
Image:Lueneburg-AmSande1 2.jpg|Figure  5: Salt action under a coat of paint, scaling and disintegration of the brick
Image:Lueneburg-AmSande1 2.jpg|Figure  5: Salt action under a coat of paint resulting in its detachment and disintegration of the brick.


</gallery>
</gallery>


=== Efflorescences ===
=== Efflorescence ===
<gallery perrow="3" heights="200px" widths="250px" caption="Efflorescences on Architectural Ceramics">
<gallery perrow="3" heights="200px" widths="250px" caption="Efflorescences on architectural ceramics">


Image: Salzwedel 17012007 (145).jpg|Figure  6: Salt efflorescence on a flagstone  
Image: Salzwedel 17012007 (145).jpg|Figure  6: Salt efflorescence on a flagstone.
Image: Pilsum salz auf Ziegelsaeule.jpg|Figure 7: Encrustations on a pillar formed by carbonate salts and caused by the leaching of cement slurry injections.
Image: Pilsum salz auf Ziegelsaeule.jpg|Figure 7: Carbonate salts incrustation on a pillar resulting from the leaching of cement slurry injections.
Image:Lueneburg-AmSande1 3.jpg|Figure 8: Crystallizing salts accentuate the craquele on a glazed tile. Gradually, the salts will damage the glaze.
Image:Lueneburg-AmSande1 3.jpg|Figure 8: Crystallizing salts accentuate the crazing of a glazed tile. Gradually, the salts will induce the glaze to spall off.
</gallery>
</gallery>


== Literature ==
== Literature ==


 
[[Category:Schwarz,Hans-Jürgen]][[Category:Decay_Pattern:Ceramics]] [[Category:R-CBlaeuer]][[Category:approved]]
 
[[Category:Decay_Pattern:Ceramics]] [[Category:R-CBlaeuer]][[Category:inProgress]]

Latest revision as of 09:48, 20 September 2013

Author: Hans-Jürgen Schwarz
English Translation by Sandra Leithäuser
Back to Decay Pattern

Abstract[edit]

Typical deterioration patterns for architectural ceramics are discussed and explained.


Decay patterns of architectural ceramics[edit]

Deterioration of brickwork

Salt-induced damage to bricks is very common.


Glazed architectural ceramics

The glaze on building ceramics prevents the transport of moisture and salts. Often however, the glaze shows "crazing" (a fine network of fissures or cracks) allowing moisture transport through it. And therefore, if salts are present, they will crystallize around these fissures as well as below the glazing around them, leading to its spalling.


Some examples of salt-contaminated architectural ceramics that show the damage induced are shown here:

Flaking[edit]

  • Decay pattern on a brick of the St. Jakobi Church in Perleberg
  • Figure 1: The scaling surface of a damaged brick, caused by crystallizing salts.

    Figure 1: The scaling surface of a damaged brick, caused by crystallizing salts.

  • Figure 2: Photo micrograph of a thin section in polarized light. The gray parallel crystals are gypsum.

    Figure 2: Photo micrograph of a thin section in polarized light. The gray parallel crystals are gypsum.

  • Figure 3: Photo micrograph as Fig 2 with crossed polars. It is clearly visible that the gypsum is causing the damage to the brick, however, it also serves as filler, holding the flaking pieces in place. If the gypsum would be removed, the original surface of the brick would be lost.

    Figure 3: Photo micrograph as Fig 2 with crossed polars. It is clearly visible that the gypsum is causing the damage to the brick, however, it also serves as filler, holding the flaking pieces in place. If the gypsum would be removed, the original surface of the brick would be lost.

Powdering[edit]

  • Damage to a building in Lüneburg
  • Figure 4: Salts crystallizing cause a molded brick to powder.

    Figure 4: Salts crystallizing cause a molded brick to powder.

  • Figure 5: Salt action under a coat of paint resulting in its detachment and disintegration of the brick.

    Figure 5: Salt action under a coat of paint resulting in its detachment and disintegration of the brick.

Efflorescence[edit]

  • Efflorescences on architectural ceramics
  • Figure 6: Salt efflorescence on a flagstone.

    Figure 6: Salt efflorescence on a flagstone.

  • Figure 7: Carbonate salts incrustation on a pillar resulting from the leaching of cement slurry injections.

    Figure 7: Carbonate salts incrustation on a pillar resulting from the leaching of cement slurry injections.

  • Figure 8: Crystallizing salts accentuate the crazing of a glazed tile. Gradually, the salts will induce the glaze to spall off.

    Figure 8: Crystallizing salts accentuate the crazing of a glazed tile. Gradually, the salts will induce the glaze to spall off.

Literature[edit]

crystallization of a dissolved salt

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